The following Review and Analysis of Real Property Registration and Cadastre Systems in Eastern and South-Eastern Europe was commissioned to the Center of Legal Competence (CLC) Forschung & Consulting GmbH by the World Bank. Its purpose and rationale is the review and comparison of the real property registration and Cadastre systems in seven European countries, namely Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands and Serbia(excluding Montenegro and Kosovo), thereby identifying “the optimal institutional arrangements (in terms of cost-effectiveness, efficiency and equity) for the provision of registration and Cadastre services. The arrangements should enable these countries to optimize benefits to users and minimize administrative costs.” Recommendations make specific reference to the current legal/institutional frameworks. The selection of countries was predefined in the Terms of Reference to this project. It comprises a variety of European countries, in all of which the land registration and Cadastre system took a different development. Nevertheless, similarities can be found between countries from Western Europe and Eastern Europe, between countries with long traditions in land registration and Cadastre and such with very young traditions, between countries with well-developed property markets and such without. These similarities have their reason either in common historical roots or in the fact that some features of the land registration and Cadastre system necessarily can only be implemented in one or the other way. Whereas in Austria and Germany the so-called mid-European type of land book is well developed, in the Netherlands and Bulgaria the deeds registration system is applied. Whereas Croatia, Hungary, and Serbia have historical relations to Austria especially also in the area of the land book, this Austrian/German system in its pure (dual) form is today only applied in Croatia. Hungary decided for a unified system as did Serbia. Bulgaria has a dual system, too.