The rental assistance programs varied, key themes emerged, including most programs, recognizing the impact of housing stability on health outcomes, targeted populations served by state or local health and human services programs; most programs served a growing number of households over time;  funding generally increased over time and most of it came from the general revenue, and programs involved collaboration between the housing and health and human services agencies to ensure clients’ needs were comprehensively met. Although state and local rental assistance alone cannot fill the gap between the need for and supply of affordable housing, it can play a critical role in helping states and localities achieve better outcomes for special populations in which states and localities are deeply invested.