There were three main models of social housing in post-war Europe: state housing as part of the communist offer; social rented housing as a pillar of the welfare or corporate state; and (limited) support for the self- provision and owner-occupation in more rural family-based systems. Within the welfare state model, there have been two distinct approaches: housing available to all and housing concentrated on accommodating lower-income households. As incomes rose, numerical shortages were overcome, public expenditure cuts kicked in and there was political upheaval in many countries, models of social housing also changed becoming more diverse within countries but increasingly similar across much of Europe.