This case study on South Africa contains within it a mini-case study that illustrates the potential for collaboration between the public and the private sector in the provision of low carbon, climate-resilient infrastructure, namely the provision of renewable energy solutions to low-income communities. Although first established under an energy security initiative, and subsequently driven predominantly by a social agenda, the public subsidy which underpins the project reviewed in the mini-case study resulted in the effective delivery of solar water heaters (SWHs) to formal low-income housing, thereby reducing the carbon profile of the sector. By supplementing the public subsidy stream for SWHs with climate finance  Certified Emission Reduction (CER) revenues generated through a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Programme of Activities (PoA) – the private sector was able to develop a rapid and extensive roll-out program under which SWHs delivered are maintained for ten years.