Functionality and Adaptability of Low-Cost Apartment Space Design in Surabaya, Indonesia

Introduction

The rapid urbanization in Surabaya, Indonesia, has led to an increasing demand for affordable housing. Low-cost apartments (rusunawa) have emerged as a practical solution to accommodate low-income residents while optimizing limited urban space. However, these apartments often face challenges related to functionality (how well the space meets residents’ daily needs) and adaptability (how easily the space can be modified for different uses over time). This study examines the design of low-cost apartments in Surabaya, evaluating their efficiency and flexibility in responding to residents’ evolving lifestyles.

Background: Urbanization and Housing Challenges

Surabaya, Indonesia’s second-largest city, struggles with housing shortages due to population growth and rural-to-urban migration. The government has promoted low-cost apartments to provide affordable shelter, but many units suffer from:

• Limited space (typically 21–36 m² per unit).

• Rigid layouts that don’t accommodate changing family needs.

• Poor space utilization, leading to discomfort and makeshift modifications.

The study investigates whether current designs truly serve residents or if improvements are needed for long-term livability.

Methodology

The research employs a mixed-method approach:

1. Case Studies: Examining several low-cost apartment complexes in Surabaya.

2. Surveys & Interviews: Gathering feedback from residents on their living experiences.

3. Spatial Analysis: Assessing unit layouts for functionality and adaptability.

Key questions include:

• How do residents use their limited space?

• What modifications do they make to improve livability?

• Are the original designs flexible enough for different household structures?

Findings: Functionality Issues

1. Space Constraints

   • Most units are too small for families, forcing creative use of furniture (e.g., foldable beds, multipurpose tables).

   • Lack of storage leads to clutter, reducing usable space.

2. Poor Zoning

   • Many apartments combine living, sleeping, and cooking areas without clear separation, causing discomfort.

   • Bathrooms are often cramped and lack ventilation.

3. Inadequate Common Facilities

   • Shared spaces (laundry areas, playgrounds) are frequently under-maintained or poorly planned.

Findings: Adaptability Challenges

1. Fixed Layouts

   • Most units have non-load-bearing walls, but residents hesitate to modify them due to building regulations.

   • Open-plan designs could help, but current structures limit customization.

2. Household Dynamics

   • Families grow or shrink over time, but units don’t easily allow for room divisions or expansions.

   • Some residents illegally modify balconies into extra rooms.

3. Material Limitations

   • Low-cost construction materials restrict durability and flexibility in renovations.

Resident Adaptations

Despite limitations, residents employ clever space-saving strategies:

• Vertical storage (wall-mounted shelves, loft beds).

• Convertible furniture (tables that become beds).

• Multi-functional areas (living rooms doubling as workspaces).

However, these solutions are often temporary fixes rather than sustainable improvements.

Recommendations for Better Design

1. Flexible Unit Layouts

   • Use modular designs with movable partitions.

   • Allow for expandable units as families grow.

2. Improved Space Efficiency

   • Incorporate built-in storage (under-stair compartments, wall cabinets).

   • Optimize natural lighting and ventilation to enhance comfort.

3. Community-Centric Planning

   • Design shared spaces (communal kitchens, co-working areas) to reduce individual unit burdens.

   • Engage residents in participatory design to meet real needs.

4. Policy Adjustments

   • Relax renovation restrictions to allow safe modifications.

   • Provide subsidies or guidance for low-cost, adaptive interior solutions.

Conclusion

Low-cost apartment in Surabaya address immediate housing needs but often fail in long-term functionality and adaptability. By incorporating flexible design principles, engaging residents in planning, and adjusting policies, these spaces can better serve low-income families. Future developments should prioritize adaptable, user-centered designs to ensure sustainable urban living.

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