The project supports affordable housing projects in urban and peri-urban areas of Kigali city and secondary cities. The original project design has focused on ensuring the scale-up of affordable mortgage finance in Rwanda, thus focusing on the demand side of the market. In retail finance, the E&S risks and impacts normally occur prior to downstream financial exposure of the mortgage lenders financed by the WB project via refinancing from BRD, and thus the mitigation approach is based largely on ex-post exclusions of properties with potentially high reputational (e.g. prior resettlement or destruction of critical habitats) or physical risks (e.g. located in disaster-prone zones). The environmental risk was therefore rated moderate. The restructuring involves the provision of Infrastructure for Affordable Housing Development Projects.